4 Quadrant of Motor Operation

In the Forward braking quadrant, power output is -ve, which means the battery is charged, but the -ve torque can occur when the battery is reversed. So, instead of charging the battery, energy is dissipated by the internal resistance of the battery. This is called plugging braking.

To enable charging, you need to have the back emf to be larger than the battery. The speed is faster than the speed that the battery provides, which can occur when going downhill. This is true for DC motors.

For BLDC, you can reverse the phase of the controller to brake the motor and under simulation, some regeneration is possible, but actual measurements of power input and output only showed a maximum of 30% regeneration.

The paper below shows thar regen occurs during braking but not how much.


https://circuitglobe.com/four-quadrant-operation-of-dc-motor.html




Function		QuadrantSpeedTorquePower Output
Forward MotoringI+++
Forward BrakingII+--
Reverse MotoringIII--+
Reverse BrakingIV-+-

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